Additive Manufacturing of Functional Microparticles
by Dr. Leonard Siebert
Nov. 15, 2022
Clean-room technology offers a myriad of nano- and micron-sized integration possibilities for almost every material. However, complex-shaped geometries and advanced functionalities are often more attributed to individual microparticles. Those can be synthesized with simpler tools than clean-room technology but still offer a great variety of useful features. Arranging complex-shaped particles in three dimensions (3D) for application in health, energy and sensing is demonstrated through a 3D-printing approach. The benefits of direct integration and in-situ synthesis are shown.
PACK Fellowship Seminar, Dr. Shweta Sharma
by Dr. Shweta Sharma
Oct. 11, 2022
Over the last few decades, piezoelectric thin films have been extensively explored for potential applications in non-linear optical devices, energy harvesters, memory devices, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) based transducers and actuators, etc. Lead-based piezoelectric materials such as Lead Zirconium Titanate (PZT) have been widely utilized in defence and industrial applications due to their high piezoelectric coefficient. However, these materials contain lead which is toxic and poses serious threat to human life and environment. This has prompted sincere research efforts in the evolution of lead-free piezoelectric materials which possess properties comparable to that of PZT. Lead-free Potassium Sodium Niobate ((KxNa1-x)NbO3 or KNN) has gained remarkable attention in the recent years, due to its high Curie temperature ( > 400˚C) providing broad temperature range for operation, and proficient piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties.
The work is an attempt towards growth of highly crystalline KNN thin films using Pulsed Laser deposition technique, study of their structure, morphology, electrical properties, and their subsequent integration into realization of state-of-the-art multi-functional Micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) devices; (i) pressure sensors, and (ii) micro-capacitors. The stability and reproducibility of the fabricated MEMS devices were also studied, and the response deviation was found within the acceptable limits.
by Raman Lavanya
Aug. 16th, 2022
The need for high temperature structural materials has always been a great importance from academic and industrial point of view. Various factors play a crucial role in extending the maximum usable temperature of structural materials such as melting point of the alloy, microstructural stability, creep resistance, oxidation resistance and strength at high temperatures. Superalloys, intermetallics and refractory alloys were used so far as high temperature alloys. In these materials, alloy design is based on a single major element which satisfies the property requirement. Here, we have changed the alloy design to explore the multi-component alloy space, popularly known as “high entropy alloys” and to test the potential of these alloys as high temperature materials. The high entropy alloys composed of refractory elements are thought to be potential high temperature material owing to their high melting point and strength retention at those extreme conditions. The talk deals with major aspects like the challenges during the synthesis and characterization of the refractory high entropy alloys synthesized through different synthesis routes, the validation of phase formation with CALPHAD studies. Further, high temperature deformation of alloys synthesized through different routes is studied to understand the deformation mechanisms.
Performance and Stability Issues in Organic and Perovskite Solar Cells
by Dr. Ashish Garg
May 27th, 2022
Working of a Piezo-response Force Microscopy
by Dr. Gaurav Vats
May 17th, 2022
by Dr. Sanju Gupta, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Penn State University
September 30th, 2021
Superconductors: Science and Applications
by Dr. Alexej Pogrebnyakov, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Penn State University
August 20th, 2021
Dielectic Materials for Medicine & Telemedicine
by Dr. Mike Lanagan, Professor of Engineering Science & Mechanics, Penn State University
July 28th, 2021
Abstract: Insulators are a class of materials that interact with electric fields through dipolar response and their properties are important for a wide array of applications. Important properties associated with dielectrics are permittivity and loss which are functions of temperature, frequency and electric field. This presentation will focus on low permittivity dielectrics for 5G and high permittivity dielectrics for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications. A team of material scientists and biomedical engineers have designed and fabricated high permittivity materials with the goals of doubling the image resolution and cutting the scan time by half. The rapidly expanding telecommunications infrastructure will significantly increase antenna and wireless systems markets. We have explored materials in the 5G frequency range that have low dielectric loss.
Materials “Without” Heat Capacity: From Infrared Mirrors to Aeroactuators
by Dr. Rainer Adelung, Material Science and Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel
June 23, 2021
Abstract: Aero-materials like aerographite[1],aerosilicon [2], aerographene[3], carbon nanotube tube networks [4] or aeroboron nitrate [5] are extreme in their properties, mostly caused by the ultra low density ~1 mg/cm^3 and their high accessible free volume. Combinatorial properties like, e.g., acceleration resistance, conductivity or light scattering ability, if normalized by their weight, are often found to be outstanding. Fascinating are the effects that can be extracted by the almost negligible heat capacity of the material. First potential was revealed by the application as infrared mirror, where the image of a plasma flame could be seen when the IR camera focused on the entirely black aero-material. However, joule heating is possible as well. Caused by negligible heat capacity, heating rates of more than 300000 K/S are possible. Suitable temperature under ambient conditions is limited to ~700 K for carbon materials, meaning they can be reached in milliseconds or less. As the aeromaterials like aerographene are flooded with air, the hot air shoots out due to its thermal expansion, creating an electrically powered explosion. The talk will introduce the electrically powered repeatable air explosions (EPRAE ) using microtubular graphene assemblies as introduced recently by Schütt and Rasch et al. [6] and discussing application examples and demonstrators reaching from pneumatic actuators with the highest observed output power densities (>40 kW kg−1) and strains ∼100%, as well as tunable microfluidic pumps, gas flowmeters, thermophones, and micro-thrusters.
[1] M. Mecklenburg et. al. Advanced Materials, 24 (2012) 3486
[2] I. Hölken et. al. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 11 (2016) 20491
[3] F. Rasch et al. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 11 (2019), 44652
[4] F. Schütt et al. Nature Communications, 8 (2017) 1215
[5] F. Schütt et al. Nature Communications, 11 (2020) 1437
[6] F. Schütt et al. Materials Today, in press (2021)
doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2021.03.010
The Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation: Attracting, Inspiring, and Training the Next Generation of Ceramic and Glass Professionals
by Mr. Marcus Fish, Director of Development
May 26, 2021
Abstract: Over the past several decades, there has been a clear decline in the number of students being educated in the fundamentals of ceramic and glass science. In the United States, there is very little teaching of Materials Science at the K-12 level and there are only two universities that offer a BS degree in Ceramic Engineering. It’s an industry-wide worry: where will tomorrow’s ceramic and glass technicians, engineers, and scientists come from?
The Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation (CGIF) was established by The American Ceramic Society in 2014 with the goal of attracting, inspiring, and training the next generation of ceramic and glass professionals. Since its inception, the CGIF has launched programs for student and educator outreach, international student exchanges, travel grants, and student leadership development. In addition, the CGIF has created university/industry networks and an online Ceramic and Glass Career Center. The CGIF also provides grants for projects around the world that engage students with learning experiences and events that inspire interest and understanding of ceramic and glass science and engineering.
One of the CGIF’s most successful student outreach initiatives has been the creation and distribution of its Materials Science Classroom Kit and Mini Materials Demo Kit. The kits are used by educators and parents to introduce students to the basic classes of materials — ceramics, composites, metals, and polymers — through fun and interactive lessons. The kits are sold on our website, but more importantly, we are able to provide kits to hundreds of teachers and schools each year at no cost to them due to the generous support of our Foundation donors.
ACerS and the CGIF are committed to the support of underrepresented students who are interested in studying materials science, which led to the creation of a new scholarship to benefit those students. We also promote the important role of ceramics in improving human health and wellbeing through our Humanitarian Activities Network.
This presentation will review the work of the CGIF over the past six years, highlighting the successful outcomes and challenges we face as we work toward accomplishing our mission.
Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance of the F4-TCNQ Doped Sn-based Perovskite Thin Films
by Dr. Luyao Zheng, Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State
April 29, 2021
Abstract: In the past decade, great effects have been devoted to the development of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites for approaching efficient photovoltaics, but fewer attention has been paid on their thermoelectric applications. In this study, for the first time, we report thermoelectric performance of the 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) doped NH2CHNH2SnI3 (FASnI3) thin films. It is found that the electrical conductivities of the F4-TCNQ doped FASnI3 thin films are increased and then decreased along with increased doping levels of F4-TCNQ. Systematically studies indicate that enhanced electrical conductivities are attributed to the increased charge carrier concentrations and mobilities, and superior film morphologies of the F4-TCNQ doped FASnI3 thin films, and decreased electrical conductivities are originated from the cracks and poor film morphology of the F4-TCNQ doped FASnI3 thin films induced by excess F4-TCNQ dopants. The quantitative thermal conductivity scanning thermal microscopy studies reveal that the F4-TCNQ doped FASnI3 thin films exhibit ultralow thermal conductivities. Moreover, the thermoelectric performance of the F4-TCNQ doped FASnI3 thin films are investigated. It is found that the F4-TCNQ doped FASnI3 thin films exhibit a Seebeck coefficient of ~310 μV K-1, a power factor of ~ 130 μW m-1 K-2 and a ZT value of ~0.19 at room temperature. All these results demonstrate that our studies open a door for exploring cost-effective less-toxic organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites in the application of heat-to-electricity conversion at room temperature.
by Prof. Dr. Franz Faupel, Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University
March 18, 2021
Abstract: Highly filled particulate metal-dielectric nanocomposites films have unique functional properties with hosts of applications. To explore collective interactions between the particles, we control the particle separation on the nm scale by employing vapor phase deposition, which is a scalable approach permitting, inter alia, excellent control of the filling factor. For polymer films, we have recently used initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) to avoid decomposition of the functional groups, e.g. in highly stable electrets for electret microphones and magnetoelectric sensors,1 3D superhydrophobic coatings,2 and nanoscale gradient copolymers.3 The nanoparticles can form during co-deposition via self-organization or by means of high-rate gas aggregation cluster sources, which provide independent control of filling factor and size. Formation of plasmonic nanoparticles can be monitored in situ via UV-vis spectroscopy. We also demonstrated in situ control of the composition of alloy nanoparticles and the ability to fabricate multiple core-shell particles.
Recent examples of nanocomposites range from plasmonic meta-materials through photoswitchable devices to memristors and memsensors for neuromorphic electronics.4,5 We also developed a new process for photocatalytic growth of needle-like metallic nanostructures.6 Research on layered magnetoelectric sensors will be touched only briefly.7
[1] M. Mintken, M. Schweichel, S. Schröder, S. Kaps, J. Carstensen, Y. K. Mishra, T. Strunskus, F. Faupel, R. Adelung. Nanogenerator and piezotronic inspired concepts for energy efficient magnetic field sensors. Nano Energy 2019, 56:420.
[2] O.C. Aktas, S. Schröder, S. Veziroglu, M.Z. Ghori, A. Haidar, O. Polonskyi, T. Strunskus, K. Gleason, F. Faupel. Superhydrophobic Surfaces: Superhydrophobic 3D Porous PTFE/TiO2 Hybrid Structures. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 6:1970029.
[3] S. Schröder, O. Polonskyi, T. Strunskus, Franz Faupel. Nanoscale gradient copolymer films via single-step deposition from the vapor phase. Materials Today 2020, 37:35.
[4] M.H. Burk, S Schröder, W Moormann, D Langbehn, T. Strunskus, S. Rehders, R. Herges, F. Faupel. Fabrication of Diazocine-Based Photochromic Organic Thin Films via Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition. Macromolecules 2020, 53:1164.
[5] A. Vahl, N. Carstens, T. Strunskus, F. Faupel, A. Hassanien. Diffusive Memristive Switching on the Nanoscale, from Individual Nanoparticles towards Scalable Nanocomposite Devices. Sci. Rep. 2020, 9:1.
[6] S. Veziroglu, A.L. Obermann, M. Ullrich, M. Hussain, M. Kamp, L. Kienle, T. Leißner, H.-G. Rubahn, O. Polonskyi, T. Strunskus, J. Fiutowski, M. Es-Souni, J. Adam, F. Faupel, O.C. Aktas. Photodeposition of Au Nanoclusters for Enhanced Photocatalytic Dye Degradation over TiO2 Thin Film, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12:14983.
[7] B. Spetzler, C. Kirchhof, E. Quandt, J. McCord, F. Faupel. Magnetic Sensitivity of Bending-Mode Delta-E-Effect Sensors. Phys. Rev. Applied 2019, 12:064036.
Energy Harvesting from Ambient Vibrations and Magnetic Fields
by Dr. Ram Sri Ramdas, Assistant Research Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State
January 28, 2021
Abstract: The low-power requirements of contemporary sensing technology attract research on alternate power sources that can replace batteries. Energy harvesters function as power sources for sensors and other low-power devices by transducing the ambient energy into usable electrical form. Piezoelectric harvesters have been demonstrating the preeminence in converting the mechanical energy in ambient vibrations and magnetic fields into electrical energy. Improving the performance of these harvesters is pivotal as the energy in the ambiance is innately low. In this talk I will focus on the design for effective transfer of energy from a source to harvesters, different methods of enhancing the performance of piezoelectric energy harvesters – multilayer and multistep, hybrid piezoelectric and electrodynamic configurations, and the key techniques for transducing stray magnetic fields into electricity using magnetoelectric composites.
Optimal absorption of energy from a vibration source entails the determination of absorber parameters that are obtained by minimizing the total energy absorbed by the system. The parameters are then used to design the energy harvesters that absorb ambient vibrations. Enhancing the performance of piezoelectric energy harvesters through a multilayer and, in particular, a multistep configuration that generates twice as much power from the same volume of the piezoelectric material will be discussed. The hybrid piezoelectric and electrodynamic energy harvesters achieving overall enhancement in power and their equivalent circuit representation for optimal power will be articulated. Although the power dependence on material, size, end-mass is discretely known, a method to delineate the contribution of each element to the power generated by the harvester could be valuable to optimally design the piezoelectric harvesters. I will discuss a scaling analysis performed on a piezoelectric unimorph harvester, which can easily be extended to any type of harvester, to identify the key factors. The stray magnetic fields around current-carrying wires and the high voltage power lines are the potential energy sources to generate electricity. The use of magnetoelectric (ME) composite consisting of piezoelectric and magnetostrictive layers coupled with magnetic tip mass can be a key technique to generate high power from low magnetic fields. Performance enhancement through flux concentration and distributed forcing architectures are also possible. The compact and optimized design of energy harvesters will accelerate the deployment of internet of things sensors and systems powered by ambient vibrations and magnetic fields.
by Dr. Gerhard Schmidt, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University
December 14, 2020
Abstract: When measuring small magnetic fields as they appear in medical or biological applications, both, very small and very large signal amplitudes are observed at the same time. Small amplitudes stem, e.g., from human sources such as the human heart (magnetocardiography) or brain (magnetoencephalography). Low frequency signals (0.5 to 40 Hz) can be measured here with peak amplitudes of about 100 pT (heart) or even less than 1 pT (brain). Superposed to these small signals are usually large signal components that stem either from artificial sources, such as excitation signals utilized for modulation techniques, or from natural sources such as the magnetic field of the earth. Creating digital signals that can be used for detailed (medical) analyses is an interesting challenge for both, material scientists and engineers. Methods for improving the signal quality (mainly in terms of signal-to-noise ratio) can be grouped into analog and digital approaches, indicating whether they are performed prior or after the analog-to-digital (AD) conversion.
If sensors with a limited dynamical range are used in unshielded environments, additional coils can be used for creating a so-called anti field that cancels the magnetic field of the earth or other disturbing components. The driving (analog) currents of such coils can be generated adaptively using (digital) hardware. In the same manner, operation points can be stabilized. Furthermore, voltage adders can be used to cancel typical power supply distortions (50 or 60 Hz) or excitation signals that are required for modulation-based sensor read-out principles.
After the AD conversion so-called reference sensors can be used for recording signals that show a strong correlation with the disturbing but not with the desired signal component. Again, adaptive filtering techniques can be used to enhance the signal quality. However, such approaches are only successful if the analog amplifier followed by the AD converter are not saturated. Furthermore, often magnetoelectic sensors can be read out in a multitude of modes. This allows for adaptive combination of the individual signals, leading to improved robustness and better signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, several sensors can be combined and postprocessing such as digital noise suppression can be applied finally.
As a consequence, more “ingredients” than just the sensor are required for an entire sensor system. This leads to very interesting multidisciplinary research approaches. From sensors to sensor systems: it’s a rocky road.
First-Principles Discovery of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage
by Dr. Ismaila Dabo, Associate Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Penn State,
November 25, 2020
Abstract: Materials innovations require considerable time and resources. This presentation will discuss the use of first-principles modeling for narrowing down the choice of candidate materials for target applications. The focus will be on producing hydrogen fuels photocatalytically by cleaving water molecules under solar illumination. An overview of the state of the art in electronic-structure calculations will be given and progress in overcoming the accuracy limits of these techniques will be discussed.
Strain and magnetic field sensing by magnetostrictive thin film sensors
by Dr. Dirk Meyners, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University
October 28, 2020
Abstract: Magnetostrictive thin films transduce magnetic energy into mechanical energy or vice versa. Exploiting this property opens up new device concepts and applications. A prerequisite for the technical implementation, e.g. in highly sensitive sensors, is the compatibility of the different materials, often also the possibility of microsystem fabrication and the transfer of known concepts for magnetic thin-film systems into layer systems in the micrometer thickness range.
As a first example tunnel magnetoresistance junctions are considered. The targeted utilization of inverse magnetostriction enables highly sensitive strain gauges with gauge factors exceeding GF = 2000 [1]. They have application potential as miniaturized pressure sensors or deflection sensors in atomic force microscopes [2].
A second interesting example are magnetoelectric (ME) composites consisting of an amorphous magnetostrictive phase and a piezoelectric phase. Based on the strain-mediated ME coupling, magnetic field sensors can be realized which typically reach a detection limit ranging from 1 pT to several 100 pT [3]. Depending on the ME sensor concept, specific magnetic multi-layer systems are discussed in the view of magnetic noise suppression [4] and control of sensor operating point [5].
Halide Perovskite Crystal and Applied Physics for Photovoltaics
by Dr. Kai Wang, Assistant Research Professor at Penn State
September 29, 2020
Abstract: Halide perovskite emerges as promising photoactive candidates towards next-generation photovoltaic (PV) applications. This is closely related to the benign optoelectronic property and easy-processing of the material, and a high power conversion efficiency of the PV device. The talk will cover the general overview of this field, the challenges and thrusts for the transition towards industrialization, as well as the strategies to potentially address those current issues.
Controlling Cells by Structural and Mechanical Material Cues
by Prof. Dr. Christine Selhuber-Unkel, Heidelberg University Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering
August 27, 2020
Abstract: Cells are dynamic active systems that interact with their environments. Chemical, structural and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix can control cell fate. Mimicking these properties of the extracellular matrix in responsive and bioinspired interfaces provides the opportunity to direct cellular properties by external cues. 3D microstructured hydrogel matrices can serve as bioinspired environments for controlling cells and particular their migration at several levels of complexity. This is not only relevant for generating 3D environments for cell growth in tissue engineering, but also for capturing pathogenic unicellular organisms.
Aeromaterials: Structuring Thin Films into 3D — from capacitors to cell templates
by Dr. Rainer Adelung, Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel
July 30, 2020
Abstract: Thin film technology has pushed fascinating break through applications like microchip fabrication, medical technology or anti-reflection coatings. The presentation seeks to introduce the idea to bring the 2D thin film technology into 3D: Rolling up a thin film of nanoscopic thickness into a tube with a few micrometers in diameter, that is in space interconnected after a few tens of micrometers with other tubes pointing in different directions, will give you a relatively robust 3D tube network but with a weight in the scale of the ambient air and unusual physical properties. The talk will show that a simple sacrificial template approach can be used to realize these “aero structures”. Properties of this class of materials will be illustrated but not limited to aero carbon structures from graphene or carbon nanotubes [1], for applications like conductive silicone, energy materials and cell templates as well as the fabrication of aero hexagonal boron nitride [2] that can be employed in optics as “artificial solid fog”.
[1] Nature Communications 8, 1215 (2017)
[2] Nature Communications 11, 1437 (2020)
by Dr. R. Engel-Herbert, Affiliate Associate Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State
May 19, 2020
Computation-Guided Discovery of Transparent Crystals with Ultrahigh Piezoelectricity
by Dr. Long-Qing Chen, Professor of Materials Science and Engineering and Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State
April 9, 2020
Piezoelectric crystals can generate electrical charge under an applied mechanical force and change shape under an applied electrical field. They have many applications in electromechanical devices such as ultrasonic transducers for medical imaging, actuators, etc. The piezoelectricity of a crystal is measured by the amount of strain that a crystal exhibits under an applied electric field or the amount of charge that a crystal generates under a stress. It has been a long-standing challenge to simultaneously achieve high piezoelectricity and light transparency in a crystal since the highest performance piezoelectric crystals are ferroelectrics containing high-density light-scattering domain walls within their domain structures. This presentation will discuss our recent computation-guided, rather surprising, discovery of simultaneous near-perfect light transparency and ultrahigh piezoelectricity in Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) crystals by understanding the ferroelectric domain evolution mechanisms under alternative current (AC) electric field poling using phase-field simulations. The newly discovered transparent ferroelectric crystals are expected to open up a range of electro-optical-mechanically coupled devices from high-throughput photoacoustic imaging to transparent actuators for haptic applications.
Thin Films for Piezoelectric Microelectromechanical Systems
by Dr. Susan Trolier-McKinstry, Professor of Materials Science and Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Penn State
February 17, 2020
Piezoelectric materials couple electrical and mechanical energies, and as such, offer an interesting platform to study numerous functional properties. Piezoelectric thin films are ubiquitous in filters and duplexers for cell phones and are of increasing interest in low voltage microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) for sensing, actuation, and energy harvesting. This talk will discuss how materials are optimized for these applications, as well as examples of the use of piezoelectric films over a wide range of length scales. The key figures of merit for resonators, actuators, and energy harvesting will be discussed, with emphasis on how to achieve these on practical substrates. Recent work on doped AlN for cell phone resonators will be reviewed. In addition, the roles of crystallographic orientation and domain state will be described for low voltage actuators and mechanical harvesters in thin films with the perovskite structure. Examples of integration into MEMS structures will also be discussed, including adaptive optics for X-ray telescopes, low frequency and non-resonant piezoelectric energy harvesting devices, inkjet printers, and ultrasound transducers for miniaturized medical diagnostics.
Thin Film Synthesis Activities in the Maria Group at Penn State
by Dr. Jon-Paul Maria, Penn State
January 27, 2020
This presentation summarizes the research activities in the Maria group that involve thin film synthesis. The major categories include high mobility conducting oxides for IR plasmonic applications, reactive nanoaminates for chemical energy storage and propulsion, entropy stabilized oxides, high entropy transition metal carbines, and thin film explorations to find new functional materials. In all cases, research in the group endeavors to advance the science and understanding of synthesis in parallel to property engineering.